十年前,汽油比能量高出電池比能量100多倍,現在只差50倍。50倍還是很高,但不能只看這一點。線路板小編了解到,電動汽車一百公里耗15度電,同樣的里程數,燃油車需要消耗8升油,8升油就是72度電。這樣一來,電動汽車使用的能量只是燃油車的五分之一。
另(ling)一方面,燃(ran)油車(che)(che)裝60升油最(zui)多(duo)(duo)70公(gong)斤,要(yao)滿足同樣的(de)續駛里程(cheng),電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)所(suo)需(xu)要(yao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池重(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)(liang)就要(yao)300-500公(gong)斤,比(bi)燃(ran)油車(che)(che)重(zhong)(zhong)很(hen)多(duo)(duo)。但電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機很(hen)輕,燃(ran)油車(che)(che)的(de)內燃(ran)機、變(bian)速器、排氣管后處理、水箱、風扇等,比(bi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)要(yao)重(zhong)(zhong)200公(gong)斤左右。總體來看,兩種(zhong)車(che)(che)重(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)(liang)差(cha)別并不是很(hen)大(da)。隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)池比(bi)能量(liang)(liang)進一步提高,兩種(zhong)車(che)(che)基(ji)本(ben)可以(yi)做到重(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)(liang)相當(dang)。
按照現在(zai)的電池能量密度,只要把(ba)電池增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)一倍,就能把(ba)續航里(li)程增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)至(zhi)1000公(gong)里(li),重量增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)了很多,成(cheng)本也(ye)加(jia)了很多,這種車(che)可(ke)能沒人(ren)要。所以電動汽車(che)并不(bu)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)能跑(pao)1000公(gong)里(li),而(er)是(shi)(shi)從(cong)一個車(che)的綜合指(zhi)標(biao)來看,這樣的產(chan)品不(bu)是(shi)(shi)一個好產(chan)品,這才是(shi)(shi)問題的關鍵。
那么,如何在提(ti)(ti)(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)續駛里(li)(li)(li)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)同(tong)時又(you)讓其成為(wei)一(yi)個好產品(pin)呢?PCB廠(chang)告訴你,正(zheng)確提(ti)(ti)(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)里(li)(li)(li)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)方法不(bu)是簡單(dan)地(di)堆電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi),應該做到(dao)以下幾點:第1,進(jin)一(yi)步提(ti)(ti)(ti)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)比能量。同(tong)樣的(de)體積下,儲電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量更大。第二,通(tong)過降低(di)整車的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)耗來(lai)提(ti)(ti)(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)續駛里(li)(li)(li)程(cheng)(cheng)。現(xian)在,100公(gong)里(li)(li)(li)耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)15度(du),如果耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量降到(dao)13度(du)、12度(du),同(tong)樣的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)可以跑得更遠,行駛里(li)(li)(li)程(cheng)(cheng)就增加了。現(xian)在很多人(ren)覺得續航里(li)(li)(li)程(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)夠,即“里(li)(li)(li)程(cheng)(cheng)焦慮”,是什么原因呢?大多是充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)方便,所(suo)以,需要把充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變得更方便,通(tong)過增加充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備來(lai)解(jie)決“里(li)(li)(li)程(cheng)(cheng)焦慮”。
每輛車都(dou)應該有自己(ji)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)方式,平時(shi)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)方式就(jiu)是(shi)在家里(li)(li)(li)或者單位慢充(chong),有自己(ji)單獨(du)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)。要跑長途的(de)(de)時(shi)候,可以快充(chong)十(shi)分(fen)鐘,但是(shi)不一定(ding)要充(chong)滿。不按照電(dian)池的(de)(de)電(dian)量(liang)來看(kan),而是(shi)按照十(shi)分(fen)鐘能充(chong)100公里(li)(li)(li)還是(shi)充(chong)200公里(li)(li)(li)續航來算。如果能夠構成這(zhe)么(me)一個體系,“里(li)(li)(li)程(cheng)焦慮”就(jiu)不復存(cun)在了。電(dian)動汽車需要有合(he)理的(de)(de)續駛(shi)里(li)(li)(li)程(cheng),比如那種特別小的(de)(de)車,續駛(shi)里(li)(li)(li)程(cheng)150公里(li)(li)(li) 、200公里(li)(li)(li)就(jiu)很好,在這(zhe)方面(mian),要有一個合(he)理的(de)(de)里(li)(li)(li)程(cheng)范圍(wei),并(bing)不是(shi)越長越好。
導致電動汽車安全(quan)事故最重要原(yuan)因(yin)是電池(chi)熱失控。當溫度(du)上升到(dao)(dao)一定高度(du)時,會引發(fa)電池(chi)放熱的副反應,放熱副反應會進一步(bu)提升溫度(du),引發(fa)新(xin)的副反應,這種鏈式的反應能(neng)夠讓電池(chi)內部溫度(du)瞬間達(da)到(dao)(dao)1000度(du),引發(fa)劇烈的放熱。一旦全(quan)方位(wei)熱失控后,就(jiu)會噴出氣(qi)(qi)體與外界氧氣(qi)(qi)結合,發(fa)生(sheng)火災(zai)等嚴重事故。
解決(jue)這種問題目前有兩種方式(shi)。第1種是(shi)用(yong)系統控制的方式(shi),來把電池出現(xian)事故之后產生的后果抑制住,比如完全防(fang)止(zhi)燃(ran)燒事故出現(xian),個(ge)別(bie)電池發熱(re)無法百(bai)分(fen)百(bai)避免,但是(shi)可(ke)(ke)以不(bu)讓(rang)它蔓延造成劇烈事故,目前的技術是(shi)可(ke)(ke)以實現(xian)這一點的,只是(shi)現(xian)在的研發工(gong)程化還需要一個(ge)過程。第二種是(shi)解決(jue)最開(kai)始發熱(re)的電池。可(ke)(ke)以通過把現(xian)在液(ye)態可(ke)(ke)燃(ran)的電解液(ye),變成固態不(bu)可(ke)(ke)燃(ran)的。
另外(wai),電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)電(dian)(dian)池的壽(shou)命安全與日常使用方式也有很大關系,電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)應該慢充(chong),即(ji)使要(yao)快充(chong),也要(yao)選擇(ze)電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)最合(he)適的區域快充(chong),而不能一(yi)直從零充(chong)到滿。現在雖(sui)然出(chu)(chu)現了一(yi)些安全事(shi)故(gu),但是(shi)(shi)數(shu)據表明,新能源(yuan)汽(qi)車(che)出(chu)(chu)現事(shi)故(gu)的概率(lv)是(shi)(shi)萬(wan)分(fen)(fen)之0.9,燃油車(che)出(chu)(chu)現安全事(shi)故(gu)的概率(lv)是(shi)(shi)萬(wan)分(fen)(fen)之3,所(suo)以要(yao)理性對待(dai)現在的安全事(shi)故(gu),不必過于焦(jiao)慮。
安全(quan)問題也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)補貼退出之后,技術競(jing)爭的(de)焦點,未(wei)來的(de)電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)市場是(shi)(shi)(shi)激烈(lie)的(de)市場競(jing)爭,優(you)勝劣汰。電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)包括購置成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)、使用成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)、維修成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)和后續利用價(jia)值。電(dian)路板廠認為(wei),成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)是(shi)(shi)(shi)購置成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben),電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)40%的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)是(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)池,而電(dian)池50%都是(shi)(shi)(shi)材(cai)料和制造成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben),所以降低(di)材(cai)料成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)尤(you)為(wei)重(zhong)要(yao)。
三元鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)最主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)鈷(gu)(gu)材料,鈷(gu)(gu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)非常稀缺的(de)資源(yuan),價格也很(hen)高,最開始鈷(gu)(gu)占電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)材料的(de)三分之一,現在鈷(gu)(gu)只占電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)材料的(de)10%,而且還會繼續降低(di),最終到完(wan)全不需要(yao)鈷(gu)(gu),這(zhe)就能讓電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)成本大(da)幅降低(di)。對于(yu)動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)壽命(ming)問(wen)題(ti),現在的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)完(wan)全能滿(man)足(zu)(zu)家用(yong)轎車全生命(ming)周期的(de)要(yao)求(qiu),當電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)容量衰減超(chao)過20%后,還可以循環利(li)用(yong)。當完(wan)全不能滿(man)足(zu)(zu)使用(yong)要(yao)求(qiu)時(shi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)強(qiang)制要(yao)求(qiu)生產廠家負責回收的(de)。這(zhe)樣做,電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)成本還將(jiang)進一步降低(di)。
現在的電(dian)動汽(qi)車還(huan)只(zhi)是(shi)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)汽(qi)車初級階段的產品,還(huan)不是(shi)成熟的新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)汽(qi)車,所以會(hui)(hui)引來(lai)各種質疑。新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)汽(qi)車在2035年(nian)(nian)一(yi)定(ding)會(hui)(hui)迎來(lai)新(xin)的時代(dai),就(jiu)是(shi)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)智能(neng)(neng)化電(dian)動汽(qi)車時代(dai)。2025年(nian)(nian)會(hui)(hui)是(shi)一(yi)個里程(cheng)碑(bei),新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)汽(qi)車將實現全方位性價比的突破,2035年(nian)(nian)則會(hui)(hui)是(shi)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)汽(qi)車基本進入成熟階段的時間。
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